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Fundamental Rights and Protections

The constitution shall recognize and guarantee fundamental rights as inherent, universal, and enforceable. These rights apply to all individuals without discrimination and shall be protected against infringement by public authorities and, where applicable, private actors.


1. Human Dignity and Equality

Human dignity is inviolable. All persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection without discrimination based on ethnicity, language, culture, gender, belief, origin, or political opinion.

2. Civil and Political Rights

Guaranteed rights include freedom of expression and information, freedom of belief, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of movement, privacy, and the right to participate in public life. Limitations are permitted only by law and must be necessary and proportionate in a democratic society.

3. Due Process and Legal Protection

Every person has the right to due process, a fair hearing by an independent court, the presumption of innocence, protection against arbitrary detention, legal representation, and effective remedies for rights violations.

4. Cultural, Linguistic, and Collective Rights

The constitution shall recognize collective rights essential to cultural continuity, including the right to use and develop one’s language, cultural expression, native-language education, and protection of cultural institutions and heritage.

5. Social and Economic Rights

Social and economic rights, including education, healthcare, social security, and adequate living conditions, shall be recognized as necessary conditions for dignity and democratic participation, realized progressively within available resources.

6. Land, Environment, and Livelihood Rights

Individuals and communities have the right to a healthy environment and sustainable livelihoods, including protections against forced displacement and meaningful participation in land and resource decisions.

7. Minority and Vulnerable Group Protections

Constitutional measures shall protect minorities and vulnerable groups from discrimination, exclusion, and structural disadvantage, including representation safeguards and language and education guarantees.

8. Limitations and Non-Derogation

Rights may be limited only by law, for legitimate aims, and proportionally. Certain rights—including dignity, freedom from torture, and access to justice—shall not be derogated under any circumstances.

9. Enforcement and Remedies

Constitutional rights shall be enforceable before independent courts, with access to effective remedies and constitutional review.


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